The Effect of a Combined Multiple-Modality Exercise Intervention on Sensorimotor Function in Community Dwelling Older Adults, with A Subjective Cognitive Complaint: The M4 Study (Multi-Modal; Mind Motor)

................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices .................................................................................................................. viii List of Terms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aging and Cognitive Impairment ........................................................................................... 1 1.3 Exercise on Brain Health .............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Exercise and Neuroplasticity ................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Exercise and Cognitive Functions .......................................................................................... 6 1.5.1 Aerobic Training ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.2 Resistance Training .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5.3 Cognitive Training ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.5.4 Combined Training ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.5.5 Dual-Tasking and Cognition ...................................................................................................... 11 1.5.6 Square Stepping Exercises (SSE) ............................................................................................. 12 1.6 Exercise and Inhibitory Control .......................................................................................... 13 1.6.1 Aerobic Training and Inhibitory Control ................................................................................ 14 1.6.2 Resistance Training ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Antisaccade Task (AS) ........................................................................................................... 15 1.7.1 Neural Mechanisms for the Antisaccade task ....................................................................... 16 1.7.2 Antisaccade Task and Cognitive Decline ............................................................................... 16 1.7.3 Exercise and Antisaccade Task ................................................................................................. 17 1.8 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................... 19